[224] The discontinuation of this phrase signified the revival of Iranian culture in Parthia. [1], By replacing the weak Parthian realm with a strong, centralized state, the Sassanids changed the political orientation of pro-Roman Iberia and reduced it to a tributary state. Shortly before his death, Artabanus managed to force Tiridates from the throne using troops from Hyrcania. [173], The most valuable indigenous sources for reconstructing an accurate chronology of Arsacid rulers are the metal drachma coins issued by each ruler. [57], The Indo-Parthian Kingdom, located in modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan made an alliance with the Parthian Empire in the 1st century BC. [67] Thus, from the mid-1st century BC onwards, the Arsacid court focused on securing the western border, primarily against Rome. [221], Although Greek culture of the Seleucids was widely adopted by peoples of the Near East during the Hellenistic period, the Parthian era witnessed an Iranian cultural revival in religion, the arts, and even clothing fashions. [171] Most contemporary written records on Parthia contain Greek as well as Parthian and Aramaic inscriptions. [161], Around 212 AD, soon after Vologases VI of Parthia (r. c. 208–222 AD) took the throne, his brother Artabanus IV of Parthia (d. 224 AD) rebelled against him and gained control over a greater part of the empire. [1][2], https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia&oldid=982201839, Articles containing Georgian-language text, Articles with Georgian-language sources (ka), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 October 2020, at 18:53. However, Mark Antony led a counterattack against Parthia, although his successes were generally achieved in his absence, under the leadership of his lieutenant Ventidius. I. [182] Isidore of Charax, who lived during the reign of Augustus, provides an account of Parthian territories, perhaps from a Parthian government survey. [59] After the Greek philosopher Apollonius of Tyana visited the court of Vardanes I (r. c. 40–47 AD) in 42 AD, Vardanes provided him with the protection of a caravan as he traveled to Indo-Parthia. The Saka were forced to move further west, where they invaded the Parthian Empire's northeastern borders. The Romans captured the cities of Seleucia and Ctesiphon on multiple occasions during these conflicts, but were never able to hold on to them. [92], Quintus Labienus, a general loyal to Cassius and Brutus, sided with Parthia against the Second Triumvirate in 40 BC; the following year he invaded Syria alongside Pacorus I. [267] This may have derived from an Achaemenid-era satrapal headdress and the pointy hats depicted in the Achaemenid reliefs at Behistun and Persepolis. [199], The King of Kings headed the Parthian government. [84] The horse archers employed the "Parthian shot" tactic: feigning retreat to draw enemy out, then turning and shooting at them when exposed. [100], The Parthians pursued and harassed Antony's army as it fled to Armenia. This tactic, executed with heavy composite bows on the flat plain, devastated Crassus' infantry. [268] The earliest coins of Mithridates I show him wearing the soft cap, yet coins from the latter part of his reign show him for the first time wearing the royal Hellenistic diadem. [113], During the reign of Artabanus II, two Jewish commoners and brothers, Anilai and Asinai from Nehardea (near modern Fallujah, Iraq),[114] led a revolt against the Parthian governor of Babylonia. This singular state of things seems to have become established in the course of the 1st century A.D.[252], Parthian art, with its distinct use of frontality in portraiture, was lost and abandoned with the profound cultural and political changes brought by the Sasanian Empire. In the aftermath, the Arsacids were forced to cede northern Media and Mesopotamia and watch as Tigranes captured Syria, the object of Persian ambition, a few years later. [35] By this time, Parthian authority extended as far east as the Indus River. The earliest enemies of the Parthians were the Seleucids in the west and the Scythians in the north. Native Parthian sources, written in Parthian, Greek and other languages, are scarce when compared to Sasanian and even earlier Achaemenid sources. His death spurred a succession crisis in which Orodes II chose Phraates IV (r. c. 38–2 BC) as his new heir.[97]. [141] The primary motivations for war were the advancement of the personal glory and political position of the emperor, as well as defending Roman honor against perceived slights such as Parthian interference in the affairs of Rome's client states. Arsaces released Demetrius and sent him to Syria, but refused the other demands. During his campaign, Trajan was granted the title Parthicus by the Senate and coins were minted proclaiming the conquest of Parthia. Standing 1.9 m (6 ft), the figure wears a V-shaped jacket, a V-shaped tunic fastened in place with a belt, loose-fitting and many-folded trousers held by garters, and a diadem or band over his coiffed, bobbed hair. [228], On his coins, Arsaces I is depicted in apparel similar to Achaemenid satraps. Antony attempted to strike an alliance with Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene, whose relations with Phraates IV had recently soured. [91] The Arsacids sided with Pompey in the civil war against Julius Caesar and even sent troops to support the anti-Caesarian forces at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. [196] This was not unlike the earlier Achaemenid Empire, which also had some city-states, and even distant satrapies who were semi-independent but "recognised the supremacy of the king, paid tribute and provided military support", according to Brosius. Armenia was between the Parthian and Roman Empires and both were trying to control it. The earliest Arsacid coins show rulers wearing the soft cap with cheek flaps, known as the bashlyk (Greek: kyrbasia). Much of the western Seleucid realm fell soon after, giving Arsaces I ample room to realize his ambitions of once again returning Persian rule from India to the Mediterranean. Under Arsaces I's nephew, Artabanus I, the Parthians rapidly advanced against the declining Seleucid kingdom. Seleucus II's successor, Antiochus III the Great (r. 222–187 BC), was unable to immediately retaliate because his troops were engaged in putting down the rebellion of Molon in Media. Despite this, they were never able to capture Vologases III, ultimately robbing them of their perfect victory. The heavy and light cavalry of Parthia proved to be a decisive factor in the Battle of Carrhae where a Parthian force defeated a much larger Roman army under Crassus. [130] Even after the fall of the Parthian Empire, the Arsacid line lived on through the Armenian kings. [115] Anilai's Parthian wife poisoned Asinai out of fear he would attack Anilai over his marriage to a gentile. [163], The Parthian Empire, weakened by internal strife and wars with Rome, was soon to be followed by the Sasanian Empire. In negotiations conducted in 20 BC, Phraates arranged for the release of his kidnapped son. [98] One of them, Monaeses, fled to Antony and convinced him to invade Parthia. ARSACIDS. The producer of the play decided to use Crassus' actual severed head in place of the stage-prop head of Pentheus. [248] Although the iwan was known during the Achaemenid period and earlier in smaller and subterranean structures, it was the Parthians who first built them on a monumental scale. This brought them into conflict with the Ptolemies, another Hellenic successor dynasty, and the Romans, with whom they would rage many wars. The Parthians soundly defeated Marcus Licinius Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC, and in 40–39 BC, Parthian forces captured the whole of the Levant except Tyre from the Romans. [77], Phraates III was assassinated by his sons Orodes II of Parthia and Mithridates IV of Parthia, after which Orodes turned on Mithridates, forcing him to flee from Media to Roman Syria. The Han embassy opened official trade relations with Parthia via the Silk Road yet did not achieve a desired military alliance against the confederation of the Xiongnu. [183] To a lesser extent, people and events of Parthian history were also included in the histories of Justin, Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Plutarch, Cassius Dio, Appian, Josephus, Pliny the Elder, and Herodian. Despite some victories he was unsuccessful, but did negotiate a peace settlement with Arsaces II. [37] Ecbatana became the main summertime residence for the Arsacid royalty. "[244], There is scant archaeological evidence for the spread of Buddhism from the Kushan Empire into Iran proper. : dynasty/kingdom period; Median: 728–550 BCE [234] Aside from a minority of Jews[235] and early Christians,[236] most Parthians were polytheistic. Indeed, shortly afterward, Ardashir I, the local Iranian ruler of Persis (modern Fars Province, Iran) from Istakhr began subjugating the surrounding territories in defiance of Arsacid rule. [38] Ctesiphon may not have become the official capital until the reign of Gotarzes I (r. c. 90–80 BC). [232] The Parthians also adopted the use of the Babylonian calendar with names from the Achaemenid Iranian calendar, replacing the Macedonian calendar of the Seleucids. its founder, Seleucus I, had conquered the eastern part of Iran and also after the battle of lpsus (301 B.C. [217], Usually made of silver,[218] the Greek drachma coin, including the tetradrachm, was the standard currency used throughout the Parthian Empire. [246], Parthian art can be divided into three geo-historical phases: the art of Parthia proper; the art of the Iranian plateau; and the art of Parthian Mesopotamia. [140] Yet the Romans had no discernible grand strategy in dealing with Parthia and gained very little territory from these invasions. [32] Yet the greatest expansion of Parthian power and territory took place during the reign of his brother and successor Mithridates I (r. c. 171–132 BC),[25] whom Katouzian compares to Cyrus the Great (d. 530 BC), founder of the Achaemenid Empire.
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