World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Separately, a 2012 Pew Research Center report found that more than 294 million people, or 21 percent of China’s population, practice folk religions. They did not proselytise among Chinese, and from this period there are only two known fragments of Zoroastrian literature, both in Sogdian language. [208] Shen and ancestors (祖 zǔ) are agents who generate phenomena which reveal or reproduce the order of Heaven. Outside of the detention centers, Uighurs are subjected to intense surveillance, widespread religious restrictions, and forced sterilizations. The expansion of Buddhism reached its peak during the Tang dynasty, in the 9th century, when Buddhist monasteries had become very rich and powerful. A 2018 report [PDF] from ChinaAid, a Texas-based Christian nongovernmental organization, said that religious persecution, primarily against Christians, was on the rise. A 巫 wū (shaman) of the Supreme Peace named Zhang Xiu was known to have led a group of followers from Shu into the uprising of the year 184. Low response rates, non-random samples, and adverse political and cultural climates are persistent problems. China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.It is the world's most populous country, with a population of around 1.4 billion in 2019. [281] Kang modeled his ideal "Confucian Church" after European national Christian churches, as a hierarchic and centralised institution, closely bound to the state, with local church branches devoted to the worship of Confucius and the spread of his teachings. [161], Christians are especially concentrated in the three provinces of Henan, Anhui and Zhejiang. Well, the population can be really a little bit higher. They are not shamans (wu), with the exception of the order of Mount Lu in Jiangxi. [86]:9 Not only were traditions that had been interrupted for decades resumed, but ceremonies forgotten for centuries were reinvented. [378]:135, The effect of Hinduism in China is also evident in various gods, originally of Hindu origin, which have been absorbed into the Chinese folk religion. Yin and yang are the invisible and the visible, the receptive and the active, the unshaped and the shaped; they characterise the yearly cycle (winter and summer), the landscape (shady and bright), the sexes (female and male), and even sociopolitical history (disorder and order). You may possibly observe that the net global movement is currently rising! However, during the cultural revolution, Mao Zedong began the suppression of all religious organizations and practices in China. This led to the foundation of two new Taoist schools, with their own scriptural and ritual bodies: Shangqing Taoism (上清派 Shàngqīngpài, "Highest Clarity school"), based on revelations that occurred between 364 and 370 in modern-day Nanjing, and Lingbao Taoism (灵宝派 Língbǎopài, "Numinous Gem school"), based on revelations of the years between 397 and 402 and recodified later by Lu Xiujing (406-77). For several decades, the party acquiesced or even encouraged a religious revival. [382] During the subsequent Mongol Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), foreign religions were generally granted freedom,[382] but the following Ming dynasty (1368–1644) renewed discriminations against them. At its height, the group was believed to have as many as seventy million followers; Freedom House estimates that seven to twenty million people continue to practice despite nearly two decades of persecution. In Mongolian folk religion, Genghis Khan is considered one of the embodiments, if not the most important embodiment, of the Tenger. In the decades following the Second World War, however, many Chinese intellectuals and academic scholars in the West, among whom Tu Weiming, reversed this assessment. Chinese public security officials monitor both registered and unregistered religious groups to prevent activities that “disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the State,” as stipulated by the Chinese constitution. The government’s tally of registered religious believers is around two hundred million, or less than 10 percent of the population, according to several sources, including the UN Human Rights Council’s 2018 Universal Periodic Review. Detainees have reported being tortured, sexually abused, barred from practicing their religion, and forced to pledge loyalty to the CCP. When the Uyghur Khaganate was defeated by the Kyrgyz in 840, Manichaeism's fortune vanished as anti-foreign sentiment arose among the Chinese. As you can see, distinct year-vintages could possess a significant impact in your own expectation of the 2010 population. Since the 1980s there has been an unprecedented development of Mongolian folk religion in Inner Mongolia, including böge, the cult of Genghis Khan and the Heaven in special temples (many of which built in a style resembling yurts),[341] and the cult of aobao as ancestral shrines. [133], The China Family Panel Studies' findings for 2012 shew that Buddhists tended to be younger and better educated, while Christians were older and more likely to be illiterate. Jessica Moss and Marisa McPherson contributed to this report. [393] Given the differences between Western and Chinese concepts of "religion", Hu Shih stated in the 1920s what has been translated in Western terminology as "China is a country without religion and the Chinese are a people who are not bound by religious superstitions".[394]. With the rise of Confucian orthodoxy in the Han period (206 BCE–220 CE), shamanic traditions found an institutionalised and intellectualised form within the esoteric philosophical discourse of Taoism. Delegations from the Japanese Soka Gakkai and the Chinese government and intellectual class have made visits to each other, so that the society has been called an "intimate friend of the Chinese government". Population of China according to ethnic group in censuses 2000–2010, « Previous Article Christians are especially the majority in Zhejiang, Anhui, and Henan. In short, Population wellbeing helps persons till they own a health emergency, so they stay healthier overall, and not as likely to want to want hospitalization. [43], The Qin (221–206 BCE), and especially Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), inherited the philosophical developments of the Warring States period molding them into a universalistic philosophy, cosmology and religion. It is ultimately ineffable: "The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao" says the first verse of the Tao Te Ching. [77], The principle of reciprocity between the human and the divine, which was strengthened during the Tang dynasty, led to changes in the pantheon that reflected changes in the society. [322], What distinguishes the bimo and the shamans is the way through which they acquire their authority. Tibetan Buddhists face high levels of religious persecution. [212], There was no term that corresponded to "religion" in Classical Chinese. Add NationMaster content to your website. This CFR Backgrounder explains the repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang. [73]:3.3, Buddhism brought a model of afterlife to Chinese people and had a deep influence on Chinese culture. The demographics of the People's Republic of China are identified by a large population with a relatively small youth division, which was partially a result of China's one-child policy. During his early political career in the 1980s, Xi was the secretary of Zhengding County in Hebei, where he allied himself with Chan master Youming and helped the reconstruction of the county's Buddhist temples, explicitly expressing interest towards Buddhism. The folk religion of central-northern China (North China Plain), otherwise, is focused on the communal worship of tutelary deities of creation and nature as identitary symbols, by villages populated by families of different surnames,[150] structured into "communities of the god(s)" (shénshè 神社, or huì 会, "association"),[151] which organise temple ceremonies (miaohui 庙会), involving processions and pilgrimages,[152] and led by indigenous ritual masters (fashi) who are often hereditary and linked to secular authority. In recent years a community has also developed in Beijing through the work of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. They are shamans who acquire their position through years of training with a teacher. Like the wu, the fashi identify with their deity, but while the wu embody wild forces, vernacular ritual masters represent order like the Taoists. [97] In the early 2000s, the Chinese government became open especially to traditional religions such as Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism and folk religion, emphasising the role of religion in building a "Harmonious Society" (hexie shehui),[98] a Confucian idea. Missionaries worked to abolish practices such as foot binding,[357] and the unjust treatment of maidservants, as well as launching charitable work and distributing food to the poor. The most prominent early community were the so-called Kaifeng Jews, in Kaifeng, Henan province. In the same years, about 40 million Chinese said they believed in Jesus Christ or had attended Christian meetings, but did not identify themselves with the Christian religion. [307]:166–167, 169–172, Buddhism was not universally welcomed, particularly among the gentry. Internal migration in the People's Republic of China is one of the most extensive in the world according to the International Labour Organization. [39] Chinese thinkers, faced with this challenge to legitimacy, diverged in a "Hundred Schools of Thought", each proposing its own theories for the reconstruction of the Zhou moral order. The Chinese worship Genghis as the ancestral god of the, The man (with the physical features of an Indo-European) wearing a distinctive cap and face veil, is possibly a camel rider or even a Zoroastrian priest engaging in a ritual at a, Cite error: The named reference "CFPS2014" was defined multiple times with different content (see the, [Group: Officials destroying crosses, burning bibles in China Group: Officials destroying crosses, burning bibles in China] Associated Press, 2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Sacrifices to the aobaoes are made offering slaughtered animals, joss sticks, and libations. [19], Libbrecht distinguishes two layers in the development of the Chinese theology and religion that continues to this day, traditions derived respectively from the Shang (1600–1046 BCE) and subsequent Zhou dynasties (1046–256 BCE). A crackdown on Falun Gong was launched in 1999 after the group organized a large, peaceful demonstration outside CCP headquarters to advocate the release of detained adherents and greater freedom to practice. [218], Understanding religion primarily as an ancestral tradition, the Chinese have a relationship with the divine that functions socially, politically as well as spiritually. Curiously, in the Far East the Zoroastrians were regarded as "Heaven worshippers" rather than "fire worshippers" (in Japanese the name of the religion is Kenkyō, the same as in Chinese). The revival of Chinese Buddhism in the 21st century has also seen the development of the Humanistic Buddhist movement, reintroduced from Taiwan and Chinese overseas communities, with organisations such as the Cíjì (慈济), which has been working in mainland China since 1991[310] and has opened its mainland headquarters in the 2010s in Suzhou.
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