[2][9] During the diapausing morph, the undersides of the wings are much darker.[19]. During winter, the length of the day is short, and butterfly survival rate is lower. [7] Thus, their body temperatures do not elevate dramatically in the presence of sunshine, decreasing the effect that dark exteriors customarily have on biological processes such as metabolism and development rate. While fourth and fifth instar larvae are rarely preyed upon by the same predator, removal of the spines leads to repeated predation, indicating that no chemical defence mechanism exists to deter enemies. When settled, with wings closed, the dark broken outline of the butterfly blends in cryptically with its surroundings making it very difficult to see. Opportunities range from community gardening, species surveying, caring for nature…, The stinging nettle is a familiar and common plant, often firmly rooted in our memories after our first, hands-on experience - a…, The Wildlife Trusts: Protecting Wildlife for the Future. Although the species is not migratory, the butterflies are strong fliers, resulting in an open population structure with high gene flow and increased genetic variation. Test Your Knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the way. "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 Polygonia comma Eastern Comma". The Eastern Comma is also known by the name(s) of: Comma, American Comma, Comma Anglewing, Hop Merchant.The Eastern Comma is typically 0 inches to 0 inches (mm to mm) in size and has the following descriptors / identifiers: white comma, curve, ruffled edges, flying, … The colors might dramatically vary between individuals including hues like white, greenish-brown and black. There is a silvery comma mark in the middle of the hindwing in both forms. Females profit from larger body size, because it is correlated with fecundity whereas male fitness is not related to size. The males of the species can be so aggressive and territorial that, not just other fellow males, they would also chase other insect species, and even birds. When comparing the two common host plants U. dioica and S. caprea, females preferentially choose to mate with males reared on U. dioica, because these males have higher protein content and increased spermatophore production. Its wingspan is 4.5–6.4 cm (1.8–2.5 in). Sightings in North and South-east coast. [10], Comma butterflies have a polyandrous mating system where females mate with multiple males to receive the necessary amount of sperm to fertilize their eggs. In the summer-form the wings are less dentate, and the hindwing has a narrow dark submarginal band, near which stands a row of light lunules proximally bordered by a band of brown arcs; the underside is of a paler colour, being less distinctly — sometimes, however, very prominently — marmorated and shaded. [3] Commas can exhibit both mimicking and polyphenism, a phenomenon where multiple morphs exist in a population. The comma has distinctively ragged wing edges, which help to camouflage it - at rest, it looks just like a dead leaf! 'All Intensive Purposes' or 'All Intents and Purposes'? In comma butterflies, nuptial gifts are edible spermatophores containing spermatozoa and nutrients. They are extensively spread throughout their range in the eastern part of North America. [5], Adults also make use of camouflage. Comma butterfly definition is - a common North American anglewing butterfly (Polygonia comma) having a silvery comma-shaped mark on the underside of the hind wings and larvae that feed on elm, nettles, and hop; sometimes : any of several other butterflies of the genus Polygonia. [11], Females preferentially mate with males which provide larger investments, in the form of nuptial gifts. The species has a flexible life cycle, which allows it to capitalize on favourable weather conditions. For both males and females, directly developing adults have a shorter pupal time of around 10 days, whereas the diapausing adults spend over 11 days pupating. When females mated with males with higher-quality nuptial gifts, they not only allocate more resources to egg production but also use the resources to improve their own reproductive success. From about 1930 the population recovered, and the comma is now one of the more familiar butterflies in Southern England. Instead, there is a trade-off between female host plant preference and larval fitness in many species of butterfly. When the wings are closed, the ventral sides of the primary wings show one dark spot at the center of each, along with a brown base. Hibernal diapause of North American Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea. The Comma is a fascinating butterfly. [15] After each egg is laid, the female scouts out other possible host plants before determining the site of her next egg. In its final instar, the white colouration disappears but the spines persist. Winter-form adults overwinter;[2] some will also migrate south for the winter. In P. c-album, instead of accepting the host plant that the female selected, first instar larvae leave their hatch site in search of alternative food sources. The hindwings have on the reverse side a white spot usually in the shape of C. The sexual dimorphism is slight and concerns the intensity of the coloration, the silhouette and the size, the male having a wingspan of 22 to 24 mm. Registered charity number 207238. However, this appears to provide limited protection as some birds were able to consume the larvae despite the appearance of spikes. [5], Aside from the formation of spines, no other defence against predators appears to be present. Post the Definition of comma butterfly to Facebook, Share the Definition of comma butterfly on Twitter, 'Cordial': A Word Straight from the Heart. The Wildlife Trusts is a movement made up of 46 Wildlife Trusts: independent charities with a shared mission. The spines are also variable starting from all-black to white with black tips. [1], The comma inhabits areas including Europe, North Africa, and Asia. [7] However, the beginning of the fourth instar also marks the development of black, white, and orange patterns. In particular, comma butterflies have expanded along the northern edge of their range. The investments can be used to increase female life expectancy, female maintenance, and future reproduction. The most widely used foodplant is Common Nettle (Urtica dioica). [6], Unlike female host plant preference, egg mass is not shown to be sex-linked. [4] The eggs are green when first laid, and gradually turn yellow and ultimately grey before hatching,[2] which generally takes four to five days. Folded, the butterfly looks like a dead leaf. The Eastern Comma (Polygonia comma) is found through most of the Eastern United States, into northeastern Texas.It is also known as the "Hop Merchant" because of its love of hop leaves. Rare. This butterfly seldom visits flowers, but rather feeds on sap, rotting fruit, salts and minerals from puddling, and dung. To reduce predation, both the larval and adult stages exhibit protective camouflage, mimicking bird droppings and fallen leaves, respectively. The pale form is easily confused with the satyr comma (P. satyrus), which usually occurs north and west of the eastern comma's range. You must — there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. [27], Larval host plant preferences and selection, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, "The role of female search behaviour in determining host plant range in plant feeding insects: a test of the information processing hypothesis", "Mating System and the Evolution of Sex-Specific Mortality Rates in Two Nymphalid Butterflies", "Genetics of host-plant preference in the comma butterfly Polygonia c-album (Nymphalidae), and evolutionary implications", "The white 'comma' as a distractive mark on the wings of comma butterflies", Comma page at Butterfly Conservation site, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polygonia_c-album&oldid=980616568, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 September 2020, at 14:03.
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