The Latin script is nowadays used by the Greek-speaking communities of Southern Italy. (. Recognized and protected, but not official. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit a faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of ink and quill. Greek verbs have synthetic inflectional forms for: Many aspects of the syntax of Greek have remained constant: verbs agree with their subject only, the use of the surviving cases is largely intact (nominative for subjects and predicates, accusative for objects of most verbs and many prepositions, genitive for possessors), articles precede nouns, adpositions are largely prepositional, relative clauses follow the noun they modify and relative pronouns are clause-initial. Many have been replaced by periphrastic (analytical) forms. Although it is not certain which name came first, it has been presumed that Europa was a local pre-Greek name for an earth goddess, whereas Demeter is a Greek or Greekified name for a more regional deity. Ancient Greek made great use of participial constructions and of constructions involving the infinitive, and the modern variety lacks the infinitive entirely (instead of having a raft of new periphrastic constructions) and uses participles more restrictively. Bulgarian (c. 9 million), [3] Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history; other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The following is a table of European languages. [[Azerbaijani diaspora States and populations within a state have often resorted to war to settle their differences. Occitan (c. 500,000), besides numerous smaller communities. Perhaps a surprise for many individuals, Russian tops this list as the most spoken language in Europe with 120 million native speakers on the continent! Independently of the Macedonian question, some scholars have grouped Greek into Graeco-Phrygian, as Greek and the extinct Phrygian share features that are not found in other Indo-European languages. Heute in Bremen. [4] The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic, and many other writing systems. Galician (c. 2 million), Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary. A competing theory locates the eponym for Europe in mythology, specifically in the many versions of stories about the goddess Europa, some of which date back millennia. The phonology, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary of the language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to the modern period. Illumination or More Moths to the Flame? The various languages of Africa and languages of India form numerous smaller diaspora communities. So the notion of Europe is very old, but where does the name come from? [7] The earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC,[8] making Greek the world's oldest recorded living language. 2.6 million cited as estimate of all Germans who speak Platt "well or very well" (including L2; 4.3 million cited as the number of all speakers including those with "moderate" knowledge) in 2009. The Anglo-Frisian language family is now mostly represented by English (Anglic), descended from the Old English language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons: The Frisian languages are spoken by about 500,000 Frisians, who live on the southern coast of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany. A new wave of lexicography can be seen from the late 15th century onwards (after the introduction of the printing press, with the growing interest in standardisation of languages). The Cypriot syllabary is attested in Cyprus from the 11th century BC until its gradual abandonment in the late Classical period, in favor of the standard Greek alphabet.[32]. Fraktur was used most for German, Estonian, Latvian, Norwegian and Danish whereas Antiqua was used for Italian, Spanish, French, Polish, Portuguese, English, Romanian, Swedish and Finnish. 3", "The EU at a Glance – Languages in the EU", "List of Declarations Made with Respect to Treaty No. (See English language in Europe.). Thede Kahl (2006): The islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The village of Nânti (Nótia) and the “Nântinets” in present-day Turkey, Nationalities Papers, 34:01, p80-81: "Assuming that nearly the total population of Nânti emigrated, then the number of emigrants must have been around 4,000. The question whether Low German should be considered as subsumed under "German" as the official language of Germany has a complicated legal history. Modern borrowings (from the 20th century on), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected; other modern borrowings are derived from South Slavic (Macedonian/Bulgarian) and Eastern Romance languages (Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian). Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, or possibly earlier. Romanian (c. 24 million), Dutch dialects are varied and cut across national borders. The Yevanic dialect was written by Romaniote and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews using the Hebrew Alphabet. Coneixements, usos i representacions del català", STATUTO SPECIALE PER IL TRENTINO-ALTO ADIGE, Official site of the Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Areas where Modern Greek is spoken (in dark blue those areas where it is the official language). [195] [15] Because of the membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the organization's 24 official languages. Both attributive and predicative adjectives agree with the noun. [3] A small Greek-speaking community is also found in Bulgaria near the Greek-Bulgarian border. In the Middle Ages the two most important defining elements of Europe were Christianitas and Latinitas. Europe existed as a conceptual construct long before geographers began arguing whether there are seven continents or six (the latter model considers Europe and Asia to be a single continent). The form and meaning of many words have evolved. The Romance-speaking area of Europe is occasionally referred to as Latin Europe.[2]. Currently all European countries except France, Andorra and Turkey have signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, while Greece, Iceland and Luxembourg have signed it, but have not ratified it; this framework entered into force in 1998.
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