He is entombed at Capilla Real, Granada. Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, or at least more united than it ever had been; the crown power was centralised, at least in name; the reconquista was successfully concluded; the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid; a legal framework was created; the church was reformed. On March 31, 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella issued an edict called the Alhambra Decree, also referred as Edict of Expulsion ordering expulsion of Jews from the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon if they do not baptise and convert to Christianity. Instead, the 'Holy League' was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France. John II was careful about Ferdinand’s education and took personal charge of it, making sure that Ferdinand learned as much as possible from experience. After Isabella I's death in 1504, her kingdom went to their daughter Joanna. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement on sharing power, and under the joint motto "tanto monta, monta tanto". In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II, who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and step nephew, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand II (Aragonese: Ferrando II; Catalan: Ferran II; Basque: Errando II; Spanish: Fernando II; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was King of Aragon from 1479 and, by marriage, King of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1474, reigning over a dynastically unified Spain jointly with his wife Isabella I. Ferdinand is considered de facto the first King of Spain, being described as such during his own lifetime, although Castile and Aragon remained de jure two different kingdoms until the Nueva Planta Decrees of 1716. The King of France complains that I have twice deceived him. A stillborn daughter, twin of Maria. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/ferdinand-ii-of-aragon-15090.php, Family, Personal Life, Death & Succession, The Top 25 Wrestling Announcers Of All Time, Celebrities Who Are Not In The Limelight Anymore. Nevertheless, Ferdinand was present in the development of plans for the enterprise, in the negotiations to obtain the pope’s backing for it, and in the organization of the resulting American colonies. However, the deaths of these children, and the death of Isabella, altered the succession plan forcing Ferdinand to yield the government of Castile to Philip of Habsburg the husband of his second daughter Joanna. https://sputniknews.com/europe/201802041061346804-spain-cracks-old-code/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon, https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon, https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/442408363388498739/, https://mirfaces.com/ferdinand-isabella-first-king-queen-spain/ferdinand-ii-of-aragon/. The couple were also known for finishing the Reconquista, emerging victorious in the Granada War against Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada that resulted in ending all Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula and annexation of Granada by Castile. Had Ferdinand's son with Germaine, John, Prince of Girona, born on 3 May 1509, survived, "the crown of Aragon would inevitably been separated from Castile"[12] and denied his grandson Charles the crown of Aragon. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The day before his death, he had signed his last will and testament, an excellent picture of the monarch and of the political situation at his death. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This page was last edited on 18 October 2020, at 02:59. Between the ages of 20 and 30, Ferdinand performed a series of heroic deeds. This brought to a close the centuries-long Christian reconquest of Iberia. He remained involved in a series of Renaissance conflicts, better known as the Italian Wars that commenced in 1494. Allegorical portrait of Ferdinand II (Ferdinand the Catholic), king of Aragon, Castile, and Naples, marble relief by Domenico Gagini, 1473–79; in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to his joint motto of equality: "Tanto monta [or monta tanto], Isabel como Fernando" ("They amount to the same, Isabel and Ferdinand"). The German traveler Thomas Müntzer and the Italian diplomat Francesco Guicciardini, who knew him personally, compared him with Charlemagne. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power. Ferdinand II was the son of Ferdinand's first cousin Alfonso II who was expelled after Charles VIII of France invaded Italy in 1494. [4] Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were second cousins by descent from John I of Castile. Ferdinand forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert, converso Moriscos, to Catholicism, or else be expelled. The war ended on January 2, 1492 with victory of the Catholic Monarchs marking not only annexation of Granada by Castile but also end of all Islamic rules on the Iberian Peninsula. The marriage began, however, with almost continual separation. Born 1 July 1482 at dawn. The events of this period bring out the young king’s character more clearly. In 1461, in the midst of a bitterly contested succession, John II named him heir apparent and governor of all his kingdoms and lands. In June 1506, Ferdinand and Philip signed the Treaty of Villafáfila that recognised incapacity of mentally unstable Joanna to rule Castile on her own. On June 7, 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed at Tordesillas that saw division of the newly discovered lands beyond Europe between the Crown of Castile and the Portuguese Empire. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand II, on the Neapolitan throne. His literary descriptions are more complicated, although they agree in presenting him as good-looking, of medium height, and a good rider, devoted to games and to the hunt. His marriage with Isabella I of Castile, daughter of John II of Castile, King of Castile and León, led Ferdinand to become de jure uxoris King of Castile while Isabella reigned as Queen of Castile. The various states were not formally administered as a single unit, but as separate political units under the same Crown. In it she spelled out the succession to the crown of Castile, leaving it to Joanna and then to Joanna's son Charles. She married. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joan of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful. Ferdinand violated the 1491 Treaty of Granada peace treaty in 1502 by dismissing the clearly guaranteed religious freedom for Mudéjar Muslims. Español: Fernando II de Trastámara, llamado el Católico (Sos, 10 de marzo de 1452 - Madrigalejo, 25 de enero de 1516), Rey de Aragón y de Castilla (como Fernando V). That same year John II died, and Ferdinand succeeded to the Aragonese throne. The first European expedition of Christopher Columbus that started on August 3, 1492, was sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella. He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain. 1492 was also the year in which the monarchs commissioned Christopher Columbus to find a westward maritime route for access to Asia, which resulted in the Spanish arrival in the Americas. As Spanish ruler of southern Italy, he was also known as Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily. Many considered Ferdinand the saviour of his kingdoms, a bringer of unity. Ferdinand annexed Navarre first to the Crown of Aragon, but later, under the pressure of Castilian noblemen, to the Crown of Castile. After his son-in-law Philip's untimely death in September 1506, Castile was in crisis. Ferdinand’s future was assured when he came of age, in 1466, and when he was named king of Sicily, in 1468, in order to impress the court of Castile, where his father ultimately wished to place him. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions. Meanwhile a major conflict in the Italian Wars, the War of the League of Cambrai began in 1508. Machiavelli attributed to him the objectionable qualities of the Renaissance prince. Ferdinand II, byname Ferdinand the Catholic, Spanish Fernando el Católico, (born March 10, 1452, Sos, Aragon [Spain]—died January 23, 1516, Madrigalejo, Spain), king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. Although the Treaty of Granada (1491) formally assured religious independence of Mudéjar Muslims, Ferdinand violated it by compelling all Muslims in the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon to either convert to Catholicism or face expulsion. For that Christian victory, Pope Alexander VI, born in the Kingdom of Valencia, awarded the royal couple the title of Catholic Monarchs. [13] Joanna and Philip immediately added to their titles the kingdoms of Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea. Ferdinand II, byname Ferdinand the Catholic, Spanish Fernando el Católico, (born March 10, 1452, Sos, Aragon [Spain]—died January 23, 1516, Madrigalejo, Spain), king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. If John survived then he would have succeeded the crown of Aragon instead of Ferdinand’s grandson Charles, and the crown of Aragon and that of Castile would have separated. She was the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor of Navarre and niece of Louis XII of France. Not pleased with policies of Joanna’s husband Philip the Handsome and to restrict the latter from garnering Aragon through Joanna, Ferdinand considered re-marriage for a new heir. ), The first years of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule saw the Spanish conquest of the Nasrid dynasty of the Emirate of Granada (Moorish Kingdom of Granada), the last Islamic al-Andalus entity on the Iberian peninsula, completed in 1492.[4][7]. It is not known what Ferdinand thought of Columbus or how he judged his plans, nor can it be stated that the first trip was financed from Aragon; the sum of 1,157,000 maravedis came from the funds of the Santa Hermandad (“Holy Brotherhood”). By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. – 1550). Insanity of Joanna and death of Philip led Ferdinand to rule as regent until his death. Ferrando II d'Aragón "lo Catolico"; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre, Count of Barcelona, King-consort of Castile (1474-1504) and then Regent (and true ruler) of that country also from 1508 to his death, in the … The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began Spain’s entry into the modern period of imperial expansion. But the infant Prince John died within hours and was buried in the convent of Saint Paul in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon, and later transferred to Poblet Monastery, Vimbodí i Poblet, Catalonia, Kingdom of Aragon, traditional burial site of the kings of Aragon. – 1543). Author of. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced wit… A stay in Italy (1506–07) demonstrated how badly he was needed by the Spanish kingdoms. Marriage of the royal couple laid foundation for political unification of Spain under their grandson, Charles I, considered first King of Spain. He also became King of Naples and King of Navarre through conquest.
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