This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. But it is in the south, not in the north-west, that the chilly blast of Putin's rhetoric is being felt, far away from Europe and from Nato. Google Scholar, Zhou H, Bi G, Zhang C, Liu Y, Chen R, Li F, Mei X, Guo Y, Zheng W (2016) Developmental validation of forensic DNA-STR kits: Expressmarker 16 + 10Y and Expressmarker 16 + 18Y. Nature 557:369–374. neighbourly ( Britain, Canada ) Showing the qualities of a friendly and helpful neighbour . Forensic Sci Int Genetics 24:1–17. Putin's campaign in Ukraine, his seizure of Crimea and his invasion of eastern the country have the Baltic states and Poland in told-you-so mood. Unlike Ukraine and Kazakhstan, the Baltic states are members of both the European Union and Nato. Am J Hum Genet 83:322–336. Latvia, where about 30% are ethnic Russians, feels similarly exposed to Putin's summoning of Russian nationalism. https://doi.org/10.1086/421531, CAS The gene diversities ranged from 0.5023 (DYS391) to 0.8357 (DYS385a/b). PubMed When the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, it left 25 million Russians in new countries on Russia's rim, – what Moscow calls the "near abroad". "I am confident that a majority of its population supports development of close ties with Russia," said Putin. The combined power of exclusion (CPE) was 0.99999998395 and combined power of discrimination (CPD) was 99.999999999999999798%. For Y-STRs, we observed a total of 496 different haplotypes in these ten Y-STR loci. Nato alone could not deal with Putin's tactics, Rasmussen admitted. The remarks, to an audience of young people in Russia on Friday, sent shocke waves through the central Asian republic, which also hosts a large ethnic Russian minority centred in the north on the Russian border. PubMed In little-noticed remarks last week, he called into question the legitimacy of the post-Soviet state of Kazakhstan while ordering the Kazakhs to be on their best behaviour when it came to serving Russian interests. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Putin Heads to Russia's Tightrope-Walking Neighbor Kazakhstan. "Our independence is our dearest treasure, which our grandfathers fought for," Nazarbayev said. Google Scholar, Xu S, Huang W, Qian J, Jin L (2008) Analysis of genomic admixture in Uyghur and its implication in mapping strategy. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22975-6, Article The Kazakhs had no statehood." ", As Obama reassures Baltic states of Nato's protection, Kazakhs wonder if they will follow Ukraine, Chechnya and Georgia, Vladimir Putin, left, with Ukraine's President Petro Poroshenko, right, in Belarus as Kazakhstan's Nursultan Nazarbayev, centre, looks on. But exploiting Estonia or Latvia's ethnic minorities, choking the states by cutting off energy, provocations and destabilisation attempts supported by well-orchestrated propaganda – what Nato officials call "hybrid warfare" after Putin's successful tactics in Ukraine – might leave the west labouring to respond. We have not observed departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) after sequential Bonferroni correction and only found a minimal departure from linkage equilibrium (LE) for a very small number of pairwise combinations of loci. Photo: Sergei Bondarenko/AP. Lowlands make up one-third of Kazakhstan’s huge expanse, hilly plateaus and plains account for nearly half, and low mountainous regions about one-fifth. Obviously, that creates a lot of concern among the allies.". Molecular Genetics and Genomics https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-019-01617-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-019-01617-0, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Nat Genet 50:1696–1704. Barack Obama leaves Washington on Tuesday for the small Baltic state of Estonia on Russia's north-western border to reassure the vulnerable country that it is safe within Nato from Vladimir Putin's clutches. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses of hui and Kazakh populations in northwest of China via 15 autosomal STR loci, Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.10.126. It is unlikely to come to that. I am confident that that's the way things are going to be in the medium – and long-term. The results of population genetic analysis based on both autosomal and Y-chromosome STRs demonstrated that the genetic affinity among populations is generally consistent with ethnic, linguistic, and continental geographical classifications. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Mol Genet Genomics 295, 221–231 (2020). Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on Nei’s genetic distance between Ili Kazakh population of Xinjiang and already published 32 worldwide populations (JPEG 578 kb) Figure S7: Interactivity test based on allelic frequencies of overlapping 15 autosomal STRs between Ili Kazakhs population of Xinjiang and already published 32 worldwide populations (JPEG 128 kb) The Kazakhs’ traditional customs uneasily coexist alongside incursions of the modern world. When the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, it left 25 million Russians in new countries on Russia's rim, – what Moscow calls the "near abroad". Int J Legal Med. They have been clamouring for years for greater commitments from the west and voicing their suspicions of Russia. Google Scholar, Adnan A, Rakha A, Lao O, Kayser M (2018b) Mutation analysis at 17 Y-STR loci (Yfiler) in father-son pairs of male pedigrees from Pakistan. Putin, who has called the USSR's collapse the 20th century's greatest tragedy, although it was seen in most of the "captive" countries as a liberation, has played the ethnic card to stir up trouble, justified his actions in the name of the defence of Russians, and generally displayed a proprietorial attitude towards Russia's neighbours, using trade and energy as weapons to get them to toe the line. He created a state in a territory that had never had a state before. Genetic homology between Ili Kazakhs and 7 other populations from China revealed by NJ phylogenetic tree based on Fst values (JPEG 113 kb), Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on Nei’s genetic distance between Ili Kazakhs and other 70 reference populations across China (JPEG 871 kb), A heat map of Nei’s genetic distance values between Ili Kazakhs and other 70 reference populations across China (JPEG 908 kb), Interactivity test based on allelic frequencies of overlapping 15 autosomal STRs between Ili Kazakhs and other 70 reference populations across China (JPEG 178 kb), Principal component analysis based on the frequency of overlapping 15 autosomal STRs between Ili Kazakh population of Xinjiang and already published 32 worldwide populations (JPEG 59 kb), Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on Nei’s genetic distance between Ili Kazakh population of Xinjiang and already published 32 worldwide populations (JPEG 578 kb), Interactivity test based on allelic frequencies of overlapping 15 autosomal STRs between Ili Kazakhs population of Xinjiang and already published 32 worldwide populations (JPEG 128 kb), A two-dimensional multidimensional scaling plot of Ili Kazakh population of Xinjiang and other regional populations based on pairwise Rst values (JPEG 196 kb), Interactivity test based on allelic frequencies of overlapping 10 Y-STRs between Ili Kazakhs population of Xinjiang and already published 47 worldwide populations (JPEG 129 kb), The haplotypes of 25 STR loci in Ili Kazakhs from Xinjiang using AGCU Expressmarker 16 and 10Y-STR Kit (EX16 + 10Y) (n = 889) (XLSX 190 kb), Sequential Bonferroni corrections for p values from exact tests for HWE of 15 autosomal STRs in Kazakh population from Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture from Xinjiang (n = 889) (XLSX 10 kb), p values from exact tests for linkage equilibrium (LE) employing pairwise combinations of 15 autosomal STRs in Kazakh population from Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture from Xinjiang (n = 889) (XLSX 29 kb), Pairwise Fst genetic distances between Kazakh population from Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture from Xinjiang and 7 Chinese reference populations on the basis of raw genotype data of 15 STRs (XLSX 9 kb), Genetic distance (Fst) and associated p values for population differentiation between Kazakh population from Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture from Xinjiang and other published populations (XLSX 23 kb), Nei’s pairwise genetic distance between Kazakh population from Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture from Xinjiang and other published populations (XLSX 62 kb), Interactivity test between Kazakh population from Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture from Xinjiang and other published populations (XLSX 12 kb), Nei’s pairwise genetic distance between Kazakh population from Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture from Xinjiang and other Worldwide published 32 populations (XLSX 23 kb), Interactivity test between Kazakh population from Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture from Xinjiang and other 32 Worldwide published populations (XLSX 10 kb), Allelic distribution of 10 Y-STRs in Kazakh population from Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture from Xinjiang (XLSX 13 kb), Pairwise Rst genetic distance between Kazakh population from Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture from Xinjiang and other published populations (XLSX 20 kb), Renoyld distance between Kazakh population from Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture from Xinjiang and other published populations (XLSX 22 kb), Adnan, A., He, G., Rakha, A. et al.
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