Scipio's political enemies, led by Marcus Porcius Cato the Elder, gained ground. However, Seneca (Epistle 86.1), having moved into the villa at Liternum that used to belong to Scipio Africanus, says that he has done "reverence to his [Africanus'] spirit and to an altar which I am inclined to think is the tomb of that great warrior". It is said that he ordered an inscription on his tomb: Ingrata patria, ne ossa quidem habebis ("ungrateful fatherland, you will not even have my bones"). Despite the popular support that Scipio commanded, there were renewed attempts to bring him to trial, but these appear to have been deflected by his future son-in-law, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, the Elder. On the other hand, one of Hannibal's principal biographers, Theodore Ayrault Dodge, goes so far as to suggest that this attack was out of cowardice and spares no more than a page upon the event in total, despite the fact that it secured the siege of Utica and effectively put Syphax out of the war. Scipio, already known for his bravery and patriotism, was elected unanimously and the Tribunes abandoned their opposition. Polybius suggested that people had only said that Scipio had supernatural powers because they had not appreciated the natural mental gifts which facilitated Scipio's achievements.[18]. Scipio managed to receive support from both Syphax and Massinissa. Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal had meanwhile marched for Italy, and in 206 BC Scipio himself, having secured the Roman occupation of Hispania by the capture of Gades, gave up his command and returned to Rome. Despite this resistance, Scipio gathered resources from clients and supporters in Rome and among the Italian communities; this allowed him to muster a volunteer force of 30 warships and 7000 men.[13]. This is probably one of the most mentioned skills of the Scipio Africanus. His other known grandson Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio was far more conservative than his Gracchi cousins. Scipio supported land distribution for his veterans in a tradition harking back to the earliest days of the Republic, yet his actions were seen as somewhat radical by conservatives. Le puritanisme de Caton se manifeste en 193 av. ». [22] The younger Lucius Cornelius Scipio became praetor in 174 BC,[23] and was expelled from the Senate by the censors. "[6], He survived the disaster at the Battle of Cannae, where his would-be father-in-law, the consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus, was killed. Il est alors nommé proconsul en Espagne, en 211 av. [citation needed]. Les Scipions sont rappelés à Rome. In being a successful general who demanded lands for his soldiers, Scipio may have led the way for later generals such as Gaius Marius and Julius Caesar. The victory was one of the feats that earned him the agnomen he is best kown for: Africanus. However, it is not certain that he was actually buried at Liternum, and no contemporary accounts of his death or funeral exist. Publius fait partie des rescapés. Scipio's great-grandfather, Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, and grandfather Lucius Cornelius Scipio, had both been consuls and censors. J.-C., après avoir passé l'hiver à Tarraco il décide de s'emparer de Carthago Nova (Qart Hadasht en punique, l'actuelle Carthagène). Si vous connaissez un site qui parle de Scipion l'Africain et susceptible d'apporter des informations complémentaires à cette page, vous pouvez nous proposer le lien. Plutarque rédigera une « Vie de Scipion l'Africain », texte qui s'est perdu et Pétrarque consacre à Scipion l'Africain le poème épique inachevé « L'Afrique », qu'il considérait comme son œuvre la plus importante. C'est dans ce contexte que se produit l'ascension d'un homo novus (c'est-à-dire un homme nouveau qui ne fait pas partie de l'oligarchie), Caton l'Ancien. Il affronte aussi le soulèvement de tribus ibériques qu'il vainc à l'automne 206. L'historien Pierre Grimal résume la situation par la formule suivante : « Au conservatisme moral et politique de Caton s'oppose l'impérialisme pacificateur du philhellène Scipion. His main achievements were during the Second Punic War where he is best known for defeating Hannibal Barca. Il est sans doute mû par une antipathie personnelle à l'égard de Scipion, sous lequel il a servi en Espagne. They were lynched by their relatives who disapproved of their methods and perhaps had economic reasons to fear the land redistribution. [7], Scipio offered himself as a candidate for aedilis curulis in 213 BC alongside his cousin Marcus Cornelius Cethegus. In the 2000 film Gladiator, the first battle in the Colosseum is meant to re-enact Scipio Africanus's battle of Zama against Hannibal's barbarian horde. Ce dernier pense pouvoir convaincre le Romain d'accepter un compromis : Hannibal évacuerait l'Italie, tandis que Scipion abandonnerait l'Afrique. Scipion reçoit alors le surnom d'« Africain » (Africanus), celui qui a vaincu les Africains, en 201 av. J.-C. il est censeur en compagnie de Publius Ælius Pætus. J.-C., à Linterne en Campanie. Now deserted by its allies and surrounded by a veteran and undefeated Roman army, Carthage began opening diplomatic channels for negotiation. Womanly virtue. However, Scipio dictated extremely moderate terms in contrast to an immoderate Roman Senate. Hasdrubal had not noticed Scipio's hidden reserves of cavalry moving behind enemy lines, and a Roman cavalry charge created a double envelopment on either flank led by cavalry commander Gaius Laelius and Scipio himself. In the year 199 BC, Scipio was elected Censor and for some years afterwards he lived quietly and took no part in politics. En 204 av. Des remarques ? C'est sur le champ de bataille que se décidera le sort de la guerre. Lorsque Scipion exige qu'il lui livre la Carthaginoise, le roi numide préfère donner une coupe de poison à son épouse. Adolescent au début, il est le seul Romain à comprendre les géniales stratégies du Carthaginois qui enchaîne les victoires contre la République romaine, pourtant toujours largement en supériorité numérique. Milton mentions Scipio in Book 9 of Paradise Lost and in Book 3 of Paradise Regained. Publius Cornelius Scipio was born by Caesarean section[2] into the Scipio branch of the gens Cornelia. In addition, the Sicilian garrison also contained many of the troops who had participated in the Sicilian campaigns of Marcus Claudius Marcellus. However, a grandson (adopted into the plebeian-noble Caecilii Metelli) became the Metellus Scipio who allied himself with Pompey the Great and Cato the Younger, and who opposed Julius Caesar. S'il faut en croire Tite-Live, Massinissa a épousé Sophonisbe, dont il est tombé amoureux. En 199 av. Scipio features as a playable character, represented by a cataphract, in the Battle of Zama in Age of Empires: The Rise of Rome. Selon Tite-Live, les historiens romains faisaient varier le nombre de soldats de 12 000 à 35 000 soldats[10]. Scipion, qui a d'abord menacé d'en appeler au peuple si on ne lui donne pas satisfaction, finit par s'en remettre au Sénat. Comme le souligne l'historien Jean Favier, « cette victoire sur Carthage change l'échelle des prétentions romaines », « Scipion l'Africain a fait de Rome une puissance méditerranéenne, et de la Méditerranée occidentale un lac romain ». [16] Scipio was also harmed by some senators' disdain of his ideals, beliefs, and interests in unconventional areas such as Hellenophile tastes in art, luxuries, and philosophies. He obtained a rich cache of war stores and supplies and an excellent harbour and base of operations. Scipio landed at the mouth of the Ebro and was able to surprise and capture Carthago Nova (New Carthage), the headquarters of the Carthaginian power in Hispania. J.-C., il remporte sur le général Hasdrubal Gisco la bataille d'Ilipa, qui lui assure le contrôle de toute la Bétique. Syphax later changed his mind, married the beautiful Carthaginian noblewoman Sophonisba, daughter of Hasdrubal the son of Gisco, and fought alongside his Carthaginian in-laws against Massinissa and Scipio in Africa. Lorsque l'armée des Scipions débarque en Asie, Antiochos accepte de négocier. [8] The Tribunate of the Plebs objected to his candidacy, saying that he could not be allowed to stand because he had not yet reached the legal age. He returned the woman to her fiancé, along with the money that had been offered by her parents to ransom her. His birth year is calculated from statements made by ancient historians (mainly Livy and Polybius) of how old he was when certain events in his life occurred and must have been 236/5 BC, usually stated as circa 236 BC.[3]. He refused the many further honours which the people would have thrust upon him such as Consul for life and Dictator. J.-C., à Linterne en Campanie. Scipio is the hero of Petrarch's Latin epic Africa. Scipio pressed the Senate for permission to cross into Africa. Hasdrubal s'en tire de justesse en prenant la fuite. On his return to Hispania, Scipio had to quell a mutiny at Sucro which had broken out among his troops. J.-C., à 24 ans. The final struggle was bitter and won only when the allied cavalry rallied and returned to the battle field. Scipio was welcomed back to Rome in triumph with the agnomen of Africanus. S'il a 17 ans lorsqu’il mène une charge pour sauver son père à la, Demi-victoire réalisée par Scipion lorsqu'il livra une, C'est de manière impropre que l'on nomme « tombeau de Scipion » un mausolée antique conservé près la ville de Colonia Nerviana Augusta Martialis Veteranorum Sitifensium (Sitifis), capitale de la Numidie sétifienne, dite aujourd'hui, Portail des Phéniciens et du monde punique, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scipion_l%27Africain&oldid=175881693, Personnalité de la deuxième guerre punique, Personnage cité dans la Divine Comédie (Enfer), Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Portail:Phéniciens, Carthage et monde punique/Articles liés, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Politique, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Militaire, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. La ville était entourée d'eau sur trois côtés. With the permission from the commissioners, Scipio sailed in 204 BC and landed near Utica. Le Sénat de Carthage craint que Scipion ne mette le siège devant la cité. With his wife Aemilia Paulla (also called Aemilia Tertia), daughter of the consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus who fell at Cannae and sister of another consul Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, he had a happy and fruitful marriage.
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