The Ever-Victorious Army repulsed another attack on Shanghai in 1862 and helped to defend other treaty ports such as Ningbo, reclaimed on May 10. Believing himself to be a son of God sent to reform China, he began preaching in the 1840s, denouncing the rule of the Manchu, who were foreigners. Western mercenaries such as British, Italians, French and Americans also joined, although many were described as merely taking the opportunity to plunder Chinese. Over the centuries, Zhuang communities had been adopting Han Chinese culture. Learn more about the world with our collection of regional and country maps. The use of the reign year title Tian De (Heavenly Virtue) in early Taiping documents appealed to these sectarians because it had been used in earlier revolts. Since the Taipings considered the Manchus to be demons, they first killed all the Manchu men, then forced the Manchu women outside the city and burned them to death. See more Encyclopedia articles on: Chinese, Taiwanese, and Mongolian History. [11] They often referred to it as the Hong-Yang Rebellion (洪杨之乱), referring to the two most prominent leaders, Hong Xiuquan and Yang Xiuqing, and it was also referred to dismissively as the Red Sheep Rebellion (红羊之乱) because "Hong-Yang" sounds like "Red Sheep" in Chinese. The Taiping Rebellion, which is also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion or civil war that was waged in China from 1850 to 1864 between the established Qing dynasty and the theocratic Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. [52], Du Wenxiu, who led the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan, was in contact with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Taiping troops surrounded Shanghai in January, 1862, but were unable to capture it. As a Han subgroup, the Hakka were frequently marginalised economically and politically, having migrated to the regions which their descendants presently inhabit only after other Han groups were already established there. For several years the rebel armies dominated the Yangtze (Chang) River valley. Estimates of the overall size of the Taiping army are around 2,000,000 soldiers. Other "Flag Gangs" armed with the latest weapons, disintegrated into bandit groups that plundered remnants of the Lan Xang kingdom, and were then engaged in combat against the incompetent forces of King Rama V (r. 1868–1910) until 1890, when the last of the groups eventually disbanded. The other significant ethnic group in the Taiping army was the Zhuang, an indigenous people of Tai origin and China's largest non-Han ethnic minority group. Cambridge: The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland - Page 120 Clyde Kiang - 1992, Purcell, Victor. [67] A particularly famous imperial force was Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army. Taiping Rebellion, 1850–64, revolt against the Ch'ing (Manchu) dynasty of China. At this point the Taiping leadership decided to move east along the Yangtze River. Nanjing fell in July 1864 to the army of Gen. Zeng Guofan; Hong had committed suicide in June. Because Zhuang communities were integrating with the Han at different rates, a certain amount of friction between the Han and the Zhuang was inevitable, with Zhuang unrest leading to armed uprisings on occasion. [76] On 27 October 1853 they crossed the Yellow River in T'sang-chou and murdered 10,000 Manchus.[77]. By 1862 the movement was weakened by internal strife and defections and was losing steam. Recently, however, scholars such as Tobie Meyer-Fong and Stephen Platt have argued that the term "Taiping Rebellion" is biased because it insinuates that the Qing were the legitimate government fighting against illegitimate Taiping rebels. The Qing, American and British forces surrounded the Taiping leaders in their capital of Nanjing and shelled the city for seven months until Hong committed suicide from drinking poison and the rebellion ended. Su Sanniang and Qiu Ersao is an example of two women who became one of the leaders of the Nian Rebels and Red Turban respectively. "[11] Other historians such as Jürgen Osterhammel term the conflict "Taiping Revolution" because of the rebels' radical transformational objectives and the social revolution that they initiated. [56], The other Muslim rebellion, the Dungan revolt, was the reverse: it was not aimed at overthrowing the Qing dynasty since its leader Ma Hualong accepted an imperial title. Beginning date 1966 Ending date 1971 Note "A product of the Modern Chinese History Project carried on by the Far Eastern and Russian Institute of the University of Washington." The Taiping Rebellion was a large uprising in China during the middle part of the 19th century. Often these revolts were movements that gave people hope for a different life and offered an end to their suffering. The Xiang Army captured Jiujiang in May 1858 and then the rest of Jiangxi province by September. Chinese, Taiwanese, and Mongolian History. In 1861, around the time of the death of the Xianfeng Emperor and ascension of the Tongzhi Emperor, Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army captured Anqing with help from a British naval blockade on the city. The Nian Rebellion (1853–68), and several Chinese Muslim rebellions in the southwest (Panthay Rebellion, 1855–73) and the northwest (Dungan revolt, 1862–77) continued to pose considerable problems for the Qing dynasty. Most of the Taiping princes were executed. He later became the second and last leader of the short-lived Republic of Formosa (5 June–21 October 1895). [42] Near the end of 1861 the Taipings launched a final Eastern Expedition. Combat was always bloody and extremely brutal, with little artillery but huge forces equipped with small arms. Both armies would attempt to push each other off of the battlefield, and though casualties were high, few battles were decisively won. [12] Many Western historians refer to the conflict in general as the "Taiping Rebellion." Since the rebellion began in Guangxi, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. The Taiping Rebellion began in the southern province of Guangxi when local officials launched a campaign of religious persecution against the God Worshipping Society.
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