It is the longest freshwater lake in the world (410 miles [660 km]) and the second deepest (4,710 feet [1,436 metres]) after Lake Baikal in Russia. It and the Lake Tanganyika sprat are known collectively as kapenta. It extends for 676 km (420 mi) in a general north-south direction and averages 50 km (31 mi) in width. [12] Below this, it is around 8.7, gradually decreasing to 8.3–8.5 in the deepest parts of Tanganyika. [35][19] Tanganyika cichlids differ extensively in ecology and include species that are herbivores, detritivores, planktivores, insectivores, molluscivores, scavengers, scale-eaters and piscivores. [85], Lake Tanganyika supports a major fishery, which, depending on source, provides 25–40%[86] or c. 60% of the animal protein in the diet of the people living in the region. Lake Tanganyika is also a well-renowned venue for fresh water angling with the sheer number of fish in the lake rivalling the variety of species. [4] The lake is shared between four countries – Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, and Zambia, with Tanzania (46%) and DRC (40%) possessing the majority of the lake. [93], As a result of their strengthened position on the lake, the Allies started advancing towards Kigoma by land, and the Belgians established an airbase on the western shore at Albertville. [21][22], The lake holds at least 250 species of cichlid fish[26] and undescribed species remain. [38] Recreating a Lake Tanganyika biotope to host those cichlids in a habitat similar to their natural environment is also popular in the aquarium hobby. Tetra Press, Germany. [30], Although Tanganyika has far fewer cichlid species than Lakes Malawi and Victoria which both have experienced relatively recent explosive species radiations (resulting in many closely related species),[31] its cichlids are the most morphologically and genetically diverse. Segers, H.; and Martens, K; editors (2005). The lake may also have at times had different inflows and outflows; inward flows from a higher Lake Rukwa, access to Lake Malawi and an exit route to the Nile have all been proposed to have existed at some point in the lake's history. The initiative is attempting to monitor the resources and state of the lake, set common criteria for acceptable level of sediments, pollution, and water quality in general, and design and establish a lake basin management authority. Two main rivers flow into the lake, as well as numerous smaller rivers and streams (whose lengths are limited by the steep mountains around the lake). Lake Tanganyika is an African Great Lake. 213–214. It occupies the southern end of the Western Rift Valley, and for most of its length the land rises steeply from its shores. [9] The Malagarasi River, which is Tanzania's second largest river, enters the east side of Lake Tanganyika. [71], Crustaceans are also highly diverse in Tanganyika with more than 200 species, of which more than half are endemic. [13] The mixing mainly occurs as upwellings in the south and is wind-driven, but to a lesser extent, up- and downwellings also occur elsewhere in the lake. This outflow is apparently not more than 12,000 years old, and resulted from lava flows blocking and diverting the Kivu basin's previous outflow into Lake Edward and then the Nile system, and diverting it to Lake Tanganyika. Despite the ferocious surface storms that occur, driving waves up to six meters high (20 foot), no mixing of the lower relict waters occur. Lake Tanganyika is situated on the line dividing the floral regions of eastern and western Africa, and oil palms, which are characteristic of the flora of western Africa, grow along the lake’s shores. [78] Among these, Limnocaridina iridinae lives inside the mantle cavity of the unionid mussel Pleiodon spekei, making it one of only two known commensal species of freshwater shrimp (the other is the sponge-living Caridina spongicola from Lake Towuti, Indonesia). Most of them included using a lantern as a lure for fish that are attracted to light. [15] Former industrial fisheries, which boomed in the 1980s, have subsequently collapsed.
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