Turkmenistan has been widely criticized for its human rights record. [72], According to the CIA World Factbook, Muslims constitute 93% of the population while 6% of the population are followers of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the remaining 1% religion is reported as non-religious. 50.1 °C (122 °F) is the highest temperature recorded at Repetek Reserve, recognized as the highest temperature ever recorded in the whole former Soviet Union. Under current regulations, every citizen is entitled to 35 kilowatt hours of electricity and 50 cubic meters of natural gas each month. [19] However, some scholars argue the suffix is an intensifier, changing the meaning of Türkmen to "pure Turks" or "the Turkish Turks. Over 80% of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. Religious classes are held in both schools and mosques, with instruction in Arabic language, the Qur'an and the hadith, and history of Islam. In recent years there has been increased tanker transport of oil. [23], Historically inhabited by the Indo-Iranians, the written history of Turkmenistan begins with its annexation by the Achaemenid Empire of Ancient Iran. Additionally, scheduled international flights are available to Turkmenbashi. The country is virtually closed to independent scrutiny, media and religious freedoms are subject to draconian restrictions, and human rights defenders and other activists face the constant threat of government reprisal. [34] In practice, all parties in parliament operate jointly under the direction of the DPT. [13] Most of the country is covered by the Karakum (Black Sand) Desert. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, northern Turkmens were the main military and political power in the Khanate of Khiva[27][28]. Production leaped ahead with the discovery of the Kumdag field in 1948 and the Koturdepe field in 1959. The area of the country with the heaviest precipitation is the Kopet Dag Range. [24] By the late 1930s, Soviet reorganization of agriculture had destroyed what remained of the nomadic lifestyle in Turkmenistan, and Moscow controlled political life. [17][18], The name of Turkmenistan (Turkmen: Türkmenistan) can be divided into two components: the ethnonym Türkmen and the Persian suffix -stan meaning "place of" or "country". Turkmen,became the national language of the newly independent Republic of Turkmenistan in 1990. Trains have been used in the nation since 1876. "Chronicles of Turkmenistan". [89] As of the 2019–20 academic year, 12,242 of these students were admitted to institutions of higher education in Turkmenistan. Most of the government documents are published in the Turkmen language. [39] It is forbidden to teach the customs and language of the Baloch, an ethnic minority. [24] In 1924, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic was formed from the tsarist province of Transcaspia. The task for modern Turkmen architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics, the search for an architect's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico-cultural environment.
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